Molecular biology of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a key factor in numerous processes which have been important for general homeostasis. VDRs are found in a variety of cells, including monocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, keratinocytes, and epithelial cells.
The vitamin D receptor is a indivisible receptor description that is stimulated by the vitamin D hormone. It is a receptor that varieties a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor. The capturing of the calciferol complex while using RXR brings into reality the activation of a number of intracellular signaling pathways. These types of pathways induce immediate answers independent of the transcriptional response of target genes.
VDRs can also be thought to mediate the effects of vitamin D on bone maintenance. This is supported by the relationship between bone fragments density and VDR radio alleles in individuals. In addition , several VDR concentrate on genes have already been identified, which include calcium-binding meats, calbindin D-9k and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase.
Many studies experience investigated the expression of VDR in various tissues. For instance, confocal microscopy has shown VDR indivisible staining in human cortex cells. In addition , VDR has been diagnosed in white colored matter oligodendrocytes. These studies have generated the hypothesis that calcium-dependent platelet activation may be regulated by speedy non-genomic effects of VDR in mitochondria.
In addition to vitamin D, VDRs have been implicated in regulation of calcium homeostasis in the large intestine. Yet , the exact mechanism is not yet known. Various elements, including environmental exposures and genetic elements, may regulate VDR phrase.